Phrasal Verbs – ‘take’ part 3

‘to take someone out’ means to spend time with them at the restaurant or cinema for example.

* He took me out on Friday night to a lovely restaurant.
* I took the children out for the day to the beach.

‘to take out’ money means to withdraw it from your bank account.

* I went to the cash machine and took out $100 this morning.
* He took out $1000 from his savings account to pay for his car.

‘to take out on’ If you take something out on someone it means that you are unpleasant to someone because you are angry or upset.

* Don’t take your anger out on me. It’s not my fault.
* When he’s fed up, he takes his anger out on his family.

‘to take over’ means to gain control of another company by buying it.

* All the high street shops have been taken over by the large chains stores.
* My parent’s factory was taken over by a large group that wanted production locally.

‘to take over’ a job or responsibility means you start doing it and replace the previous person who was doing it.

* I’ve taken over from Fiona. She left at the end of last month.
* Rafael takes over as Managing Director in June when Pierre retires.

‘to take over’ also means to become more important or successful than something else.

* It has now taken over as our biggest selling product.
* Less people buy CDs now. Buying on the internet has taken over as the way to buy music.

‘to take round’ means to take someone to a place and show them it.

* When I arrived, she took me round and introduced me to everyone.
* She took me round the house and showed me all the changes they had made.

‘to take through’ means to explain something to someone so they understand how to do it.

* He took me through the registration process and explained it all.
* I took Jim through the schedule and explained how it works.

‘to take to’ means to begin to like something.

* I’ve really taken to my French class. I enjoy it very much.
* I didn’t think she’d take to it but she seems to love it.

Nguồn gốc những cái tên trong tiếng Anh

Forename, givenname hay firstname thường là các âm đơn giản, hợp với surname, familyname hay lastname, hoặc thích hợp với những cái tên đã có trong gia đình hay những thứ khác liên quan tới (như có nhiều người đã đặt tên cho trẻ con theo tên của những người nổi tiếng), hoặc những cái tên được đặt theo một sở thích kỳ quặc nào đó (có rất nhiều những cái tên như Seaweed và Rainbow trong thời kỳ hippy - thời kỳ thanh niên lập dị nửa sau thập kỷ 1960).

Tất cả mọi thứ chạy theo mốt, và cả những cái tên cũng vậy. Qua nhiều năm, những cái tên thông dụng nhất đã trở thành những cái tên cũ, những cái tên như Mary và Ann dành cho con gái, John và Joseph cho con trai. Tuy nhiên, trong khoảng hai thế hệ gần đây, những cái tên như Ashley, Jessica và Nicole đã trở thành mốt với các cô gái. Các bậc cha mẹ thì đặt tên cho những cậu bé là Brandon và Cody, Dylan và Jeremy. Và cho tới ngày nay thì những cái tên như Dylan hay Tiffany đã dần trở thành những cái tên cũ, xu hướng của những cái tên lại thay đổi. Trong cuốn sách Beyond Jennifer and Jason (đây cũng là hai cái tên phổ biến), tác giả Linda Rosenkrantz và Pamela Redmond Satran dự đoán rằng những cái tên cũ sẽ trở lại: Edna, Elvira, Agnes, Eunice, Hazel, và Matilda cho con gái; Archibald, Bartholomew, Clyde, Felix, Ignatius, và Hector cho con trai.

Familyname hay surname là một phần trong tên, chỉ ra gia đình mà người mang tên họ đó thuộc về, và thường được viết sau tên do gia đình đặt (forename / firstname), chính bởi vậy nên gọi là laststname.

Nguồn gốc của familyname tuỳ thuộc vào từng khu vực. Ở châu Âu, tên họ thường nói lên một điều gì đó về người mang tên đó như nghề nghiệp, nơi xuất thân, tầng lớp xã hội hay tên của cha mẹ: Robert Smith sẽ viết tắt cho Robert the smith, Mary Windsor viết tắt của Mary of Windsor, Mark Johnson viết tắt của Mark, son of John, Richard Freeman là Richard the Freeman …

Ở châu Mỹ, mốt số người da đen mang tên họ có nguồn gốc là những cái tên nô lệ. Một số, như Muhammad Ali đã thay đổi tên thay vì phải sống với cái tên mà chủ nô đã đặt.

Ở những nơi mà tên họ được dùng rất phổ biến, những cái tên phụ thường được đặt thêm. Ví dụ như ở Ireland, Murphy là một cái tên rất phổ biến, đặc biệt gia đình Murphy hay đại gia đình trở thành nickname, từ đó mà gia đình Denis Murphy được gọi là “The Weavers”, và bản thân Denis thì gọi là Denis “The Weavers” Murphy.

Những họ phổ biến thường có etymological histories. Ví dụ, dưới đây là nghĩa của một số tên họ phổ biến: (có nhiều lắm, tớ chỉ lấy một số làm ví dụ)

HACKER: người đốn gỗ, tiều phu
HALE: người sống bên triền núi
HALLIDAY: sinh vào ngày nghỉ (ông David đồng tác giả của cuốn Fundamentals of Physics cũng có cái họ này )
HAMMOND: người bảo vệ chính
HASEN, HANSON: đời sau của Han hay John

JACK(E): little John
JACKSON: con trai của Jack

KAHN: thầy tu
KAPLAN: cha tuyên uý (trong các nhà nguyện ở nhà tù, trường học)
KEARNEY: người lính
KELLY: chiến sĩ
KELVIN: người sống bên sông hẹp
KENNEDY: thủ lĩnh xấu xí
KENT: trắng, sáng

LARCHER: người bắn cung
LARSEN, LARSON: con trai của Lars hay Laurence
LAURENCE, LAURANCE, LAWRENCE: cây nguyệt quế
LEE, LEIGH, LEA: người sống trên cánh đồng
LENNOX: người sống trên cây du
LESLEY, LESLIE: người sống trên pháo đài xám
LEVI, LEVY: tham gia vào, nhập vào
LEWIS: trận chiến đấu nổi tiếng
LIDDEL: người sống bên dòng sông lớn

MABON: anh hùng trẻ tuổi
MACCONNACHIE: con trai của Ducan (Mac name = son of)
MACKAY, MACKIE: con trai của Keith
MAGNUS: vĩ đại
MANN: người đầy tớ, chư hầu
MARSHAL(L): người coi ngựa, thợ đóng móng ngựa

OLIVER, OLLIVER: tốt bụng
OWEN: đứa nhỏ sinh ra khoẻ mạnh

IDE: niềm hạnh phúc
ILE(S): người sống trên đảo
ILLINGWORTH: đến từ Illingworth (Yorkshire)
INC: người sống trong ngôi nhà lớn
ING(S): người sống trên đồng cỏ
INGLE: yêu quý, yêu thích
INMAN: chủ quán trọ

JEKYLL: vị quan tòa dễ tính
JELLICOS: thích thú

KEBLE: dũng cảm

LACY: người đến từ Lassy (Pháp)
LADD: người đày tớ, lad
LAKR: người sống bên dòng nước

MALKIN: lộn xộn, bù nhìn
MASSINGER: người đưa tin
MAWER: thợ gặt
MELLOR: thợ xay
MELVILLE: người sống ở vùng đất nghèo khổ
MEREDITH: ngày chết chóc
MERRRYWEATHER: con người vui vẻ

* Với con trai thì tên thuờng là:

- anthony: có cá tính mạnh mẽ

- arthur: thích đọc sách

- charles: trung thục, nhã nhặn, có chút cúng nhắc

- dane: tóc vàng, phẩm vị tốt

- david: trí tuệ, can đảm, khôi ngô

- dennis: thích quậy phá, hay giúp người

- george: thông minh, nhẫn nại

- henry: thân thiết, có mưu đồ mạnh mẽ

- Jack: đáng yêu, thông minh, hiếu động

- James: khôi ngô, học rọng, đáng tin

- John: bảo thủ, trí tuệ, hiền hậu

- mark: hóm hỉnh, thích vận động, gần gũi

- martin: hiếu chiến, nghiêm khắc với bản thân, tinh tế

- peter: thành thục, thẳng thắn, không giả tạo

- William: thông minh, bảo thủ

From another resource

Understanding English Grammar – phrasal verbs ‘stand’ part 2

Here are some more common expressions using the verb ‘to stand’ combined with particles:

‘to stand in’ means to replace or represent someone for a short time.

* I’ll ask one of my colleagues to stand in while I’m away.
* Another actor stood in for him while he was ill.
‘to stand out’ means to be much better than similar things or people.

* One person stands out from all the candidates that we have met.
* There is one solution that stands out clearly as the best.

‘to stand out’ also means to be noticeable because they are very different from others.

* With her height and red hair, she always stands out in a crowd.
* Children never want to stand out but to be just like everyone else.

‘to stand over’ means to supervise closely, watch what someone is doing.

* She stood over me while I did the work just to be sure that I had done it properly.
* I had to stand over my children otherwise they didn’t do their homework.

‘to stand round’ means to spend time standing, waiting for someone or something or doing nothing.

* They just stood round and watched. They didn’t help.
* We stood round in the cold for half an hour waiting for them to arrive.

‘to stand up’ means to rise into a standing position.

* At school, we had to stand up whenever a teacher entered the room.
* When she came in the room, everyone stood up to greet her.

‘to stand someone up’ means to fail to meet them on purpose, usually for a romantic date.

* He didn’t come. He stood me up!
* I waited in the restaurant for an hour before I realised I’d been stood up.

‘to stand up for’ something means to defend it because you believe in it.

* You have to stand up for what you believe in.
* You have to stand up for yourself, no one else will.

‘to stand up to’ means to not give in to someone in a powerful position, to argue your case

* He was never afraid to stand up to his father even when he was very small.
* The management is too weak to stand up to the union and their demands.

Understanding English Grammar – phrasal verbs ‘stop’

These exercises are about using the verb ‘to stop ‘ combined with particles:

‘to stop away’ means to deliberately not go back to a place.

* Since the beach was polluted by petrol, people have been stopping away.
* After the terrorist attacks on London, tourists stopped away for a while.

‘to stop back’ means to return to a place at a later time.

* I didn’t have time to talk so I told him to stop back later when I had some free time.
* I’ll stop back on the way home from work and see how you are.

‘to stop behind’ means to stay in a place after everyone else has left.

* I stopped behind after the meeting to talk to Bill.
* Stop behind after class so I can give you some extra work to do.

‘to stop by’ means to visit a place quickly.

* I’m going to stop by Jim’s house on the way home.
* Stop by for a coffee when you are next here.

‘to stop in’ means to not go out.

* I’m not going to the cinema with them this evening. I’ve decided to stop in.
* I’m stopping in and watching TV tonight. I can’t afford to go out.

‘to stop off’ means to stay in a place in the middle of a journey.

* We stopped off in Paris on the way to Nice to visit some friends.
* I’ll stop off at the shops on the way home and buy some bread.

‘to stop out’ means to stay out late at night.

* When I was a student, I often stopped out all night and came home for breakfast.
* He often stops out all night during the holidays and comes home at dawn.

‘to stop over’ means to spend a night in a place in the middle of a journey.

* On the way to Australia, we are stopping over in Singapore.
* On the round the world ticket, we can stop over in five different countries.

‘to stop up’ means to not go to bed until much later than usual.

* Don’t stop up too late. You’ve got school tomorrow.
* We all stopped up until midnight to see the New Year in.

Understanding English Grammar – phrasal verbs ‘stay’

Now let’s look at some common expressions using the verb ‘to stay’ combined with particles:

‘to stay ahead’ of someone or something means to remain in a better position than them

* We have to invest in new equipment if we want to stay ahead of the competition.
* The company is always looking for a way to stay ahead of the others.

‘to stay away from’ someone or a place means to avoid them, not to go near them.

* I told you to stay away from that part of town, it is dangerous.
* I prefer to stay away from discussing politics. It always causes an argument.

‘to stay behind’ means to remain in a place after everyone else has left.

* The teacher asked me to stay behind after class to finish my work.
* I stayed behind after the meeting to discuss a few things that were not on the agenda.

‘to stay in’ means to not go out but to remain at home.

* I’m going to stay in tonight and get an early night.
* We didn’t go out. We stayed in and watched TV yesterday evening.

‘to stay off’ means to not go to work or school.

* Stay off until you’re feeling better. Don’t come in to work tomorrow.
* I stayed off for three days until I felt better.

‘to stay on’ means to remain in a place or job longer than planned.

* He stayed on as a consultant after he retired as chairman.
* You can leave school at sixteen but I stayed on until I was eighteen.

‘to stay out’ means to remain away from home.

* We stayed out all night and took the subway home as people were going to work.
* As I was leaving, my mother told me not to stay out too late.

‘to stay out of’ something means to not get involved or take part.

* Stay out of this. It doesn’t concern you.
* I’m staying out of this. I don’t want to get involved.

‘to stay over’ means to spend the night at someone’s instead of leaving.

* Why don’t you stay over? You’re going to miss the last train.
* I stayed over at my friend’s because I don’t like driving at night.

‘to stay up’ means to not go to bed at the usual time.

* I’m really tired today. I stayed up until two last night.
* He stayed up all last night working. He had an essay to finish.

Phrasal Verbs – take part 2

Now let’s continue looking at some common expressions using the verb ‘to take ‘ combined with particles:

‘to take in’ means to let someone stay in your house as a guest.

* She is taking in paying guests to help pay for her house.
* She took in a lodger to help pay the mortgage.

‘to take in’ also means to deceive someone, to make someone believe something that is not true.

* I was completely taken in by him. I believed everything he said.
* Don’t be taken in by all the publicity. It’s a very expensive product.

‘to take in’ also means to understand, comprehend a situation.

* I just couldn’t take in what he was saying. It didn’t make sense.
* He was in shock and couldn’t take in what people were saying to him.

‘to take in’ also means to take something for repair.

* I took my car in this morning for a service.
* I’ll take it in and get it cleaned.

‘to take off’ means to remove something, especially clothes.

* I had to take my coat off when the sun came out, it was so warm.
* I wish he would take off his sunglasses so we can see his eyes.

‘to take off’ is also to be away from work for holidays or illness.

* He has never taken a day off in twenty years. He’s our best employee.
* I’m going to take a couple of days off to visit my parents.

‘to take off’ is also when a plane leaves the ground.

* The plane was over half an hour late taking off but we arrived on time.
* I hate taking off. I can’t see how the plane can get off the ground.

‘to take on’ means to begin to employ someone.

* Sophie has just been taken on with a permanent contract.
* We need to take on a couple of extra sales people as business is growing very fast.

‘to take on’ also means to accept a responsibility or a work.

* We’ve taken on too much work. We just don’t have enough staff to do it.
* We can’t take on any more new clients. We have too many already.

‘to take out’ means to remove something from a particular place.

* He took the picture out of the frame and gave it to me.
* She had to take everything out of her handbag before she found her papers.

Phrasal Verbs -’take’ part 1

Now let’s begin looking at some common expressions using the verb ‘to take ‘ combined with particles:

‘to take after’ means to resemble a parent or family member.

* She’s blond with blue eyes. She takes after her father.
* He is good at maths. He doesn’t take after me!

‘to take along’ means you take someone or something with you when you go somewhere.

* I took Sue along to the party. She really enjoyed it.
* Shall we take a bottle along? That is always appreciated.

‘to take apart’ means to separate something into the parts it is made up of.

* He took the machine apart and couldn’t reassemble it.
* The machine needs taking apart and cleaning and oiling then it’ll work.

‘to take aside’ means to isolate a person from the rest of a group to talk to them privately.

* After the meeting, he took me aside and asked me what I really thought.
* She took Danny aside and explained what she wanted him to do.

‘to take away’ means to remove something from its place and put it elsewhere.

* Someone had cleaned the room and taken away all the dirty dishes.
* Take that away! I don’t want it in here.

‘to take away’ also means to remove something and stop them having it again.

* His passport was taken away so he can’t leave the country.
* Security was very strict in the airport, they even took away my bottle of water!

‘to take back’ means to return something you have bought or borrowed.

* When I got home I discovered it didn’t work so I took it back to the shop.
* When you’ve finished using it, can you take it back to the kitchen and put it away, please?

‘to take down’ means to go to a lower level or place with something.

* I took them down to the beach for the day as the weather was beautiful.
* Can you take that down, please? It shouldn’t be up here in your bedroom.

‘to take down’ also means to remove something that is attached to a wall or other object.

* When I went into the sitting room, I noticed that he had taken down all the pictures.
* Now the election is over, all the posters have been taken down.